?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ???: ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? '?????' ??????? ????. ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????. 2023 ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???.
????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????. ??????????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????. 2024 ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? 22 ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????.
??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????-???????? ???????? ?????. ??????????, ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? 15% ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????. ????????????? ????????? ?????? 18 ?? 20 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???. ???????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??, ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????.
????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ???????????? 3?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????, ?? 15 ???? ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????, ????????? ?? 2.5 ?? 5 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? 40 ????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????.
??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? 4.7 ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????-?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????:
| ?????? ????????? | ?????????? ??????? | ????????????? ????????????? ?????? |
|---|---|---|
| 115° ???? ???? | 27% ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? | 89% "?????? ??????" |
| ?????????? ???????? ??? | 33% ??? ????? ??? | 2.1X ???? ???????? ??????? |
| 7.5" ???????? ?????? | 19% ??? ????????? ??? | 76% "??????? ?????? ??????????" |
?????? ????????????? ???? F&B ??????? 22% ??? ????, ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ASTM ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? 25 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? 18 ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ????-???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? 10 ???? 9.2 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? HPL ????? ???. ?? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???.
???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???. 2023 ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????. ??????????, ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? 97% ?????????? ??? ??????. ?????????, ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? 2.3 ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? 48% ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? 150 ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????.
| ??????? | ???? ???????? (ASTM D5178) | ??? ?????? (BS 4875) | ??????? ???????? |
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| ????? ???????? | 9.2 N/????2 | 300 ??????/??2 | +35-40% |
| ???????????? ??????????? | 12.1 N/????2 | 450 ??????/??2 | +15-20% |
??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? 31% ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
???????????? ?????? 2024 ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???.
?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????: ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? 23% ???? ????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? (2023 ???????????? ?????? ???????). ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????.
?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????-???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????-?????? ??????????? 78% ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.
???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????: ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????.
????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????.
??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??% ??? ????. ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? 2024 ???? ????????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? 63% ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????.
????? ????, ??????-?? ????? ??? ???-???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? 2024 ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????-???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ????????? 92% ??? ???????? ??????? ???? (?????? ??????? ?????? 2024).
???? ?????? ????????? "??? ?????? ?????" ?? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???. ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? - ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? 34% ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???.
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